Tuesday, 22 March 2016

How Krishnamacharya may have taught asana to Pattabhi Jois in the 1920s-30s inc leg behind head instruction and benefits in Krishnamacharya's Yoga Makaranda (1934)

Back in the 1920s-30s in Mysore when Pattabhi Jois was a Student of Krishnamacharya, it seems unlikely that he learned asana in fixed sequences (Pattabhi Jois seems to have turned Krishnamacharya's asana groups into sequences for a college course, mostly following the order in which Krishnamacharya listed them). More likely it seems is   that he would have been given ever more challenging variations, so starting from asana in the primary group he would have been given more challenging intermediate variations from Krishnamacharya's middle group and finally those from the proficient group. Srivatsa Ramaswami, Krishnamacharya's later student of thirty  plus years was also taught this way and continues to present this approach in his Vinyasa Krama

"Srivatsa Ramaswami's Complete Book of Vinyasa Yoga is based on the idea of one asana leading to another, the impossible or improbably (asana) becoming perhaps possible over time.

Link: My blog Vinyasa Krama subroutines and sequences

Ramaswami has a slightly different presentation in his book but this is  from my from my most recent blog post...

"Once you could do Maha Mudra and Janu Sirsasana  say, you might work towards putting the leg behind the head ( eka pada sirsasana) via arkana dandasana (archer pose)
When that became possible you might explore some more proficient variations, you might fold forward and/or lay back (Kasyapasana), work on an arm balance (chakorasana) or side arm balance (Bhairvasana), stand up (durvasana), fold forward (skandasana) and lower into a one leg squat all with the leg still behind the head. Or, from Janu Sirsasana again you might take the leg deeper and try putting your arm over your leg and binding, (Buddhasana ), fold forward (Kapilasana) or explore something similar in marichiasana variations G and H. Viranchasana A is another asymmetric variation, this time with half lotus, an arm balance (viranchyasana B) is also possible, other balances with the leg behind the head are Onkrasana and Parsva Dandasana. BKS Iyengar demonstrates yet another variation in the 1938 film footage, one leg behind the head while in sirsasana".


Leg behind head postures
Krishnamacharya seems to have added on variations of asana rather than present fixed sequences. Once you could do Maha Mudra and Janu Sirsasana say, you might work towards putting the leg behind the head ( eka pada sirsasana) via arkana dandasana (archer pose). When that became possible you might explore some more proficient variations, you might fold forward and/or lay back (Kasyapasana), work on an arm balance (chakorasana) or side arm balance (Bhairvasana), stand up (durvasana), fold forward (skandasana) and lower into a one leg squat all with the leg still behind the head. Or, from Janu Sirsasana again you might take the leg deeper and try putting your arm over your leg and binding, (Buddhasana ), fold forward (Kapilasana) or explore something similar in marichiasana variations G and H. Viranchasana A is another asymmetric variation, this time with half lotus, an arm balance (viranchyasana B) is also possible, other balances with the leg behind the head are Onkrasana and Parsva Dandasana. Iyengar demonstrates yet another variation in the 1938 film footage, one leg behind the head while in sirsasana.


"(These asana were fun to explore over a period of three to four year) ...but at some point it may feel time to put the toys away and look for something more. Some manage to do both of course, play/explore/research the more intricate and physically demanding asana ( and Krishnamacharya hoped a few would) and still go deeper into the practice. Personally I just wanted to breathe more slowly, which meant less asana and less asana and at my age meant less of the intermediate and advanced asana".

"A more subtle approach can be taken towards our Primary asana, a longer stay in an asana like Baddha konasana, long slow inhalations and exhalations, perhaps while exploring kumbhaka strikes me currently as just  as much about 'advanced practice' as some of the  Advanced A and B series leg behind head asana we see here"

Quotes above from my recent post...



Appendix


 Leg behind head postures instruction and their benefits in Krishnamacharya's Yoga Makaranda 1934


27 Ekapada Sirsasana (Figure 4.71, 4.72)
This has two forms: dakshina ekapada sirsasana and vama ekapada sirsasana. Both these forms together have 18 vinyasas. The first picture depicts dakshina ekapada sirsasana and the second picture vama ekapada sirsasana. The 7th and 12th vinyasas are the asana sthitis of these different forms. For this asana, you need to do sama svasauchvasam (same ratio breathing). In the 7th vinyasa, the left leg, and in the 12th vinyasa the right leg, should be extended and kept straight from the thigh to the heel. No part should be bent.
Keep the hands as shown in the picture. In this sthiti one needs to do equal ra- tio breathing. When the hands are joined together in ekapada sirsasana paristhiti, one must do puraka kumbhaka. One must never do recaka.
While doing the 7th and the 12th vinyasas, the head must be raised and the gaze must be fixed at the midbrow.
In the 7th vinyasa, the right leg, and in the 12th vinyasa, the left leg, must be placed on top of the back of the neck. Study the picture carefully. The other vinyasas are like those for ardhabaddhapadma pascimottanasana.

Benefit: This will arrest bleeding due to piles and give strength to the body. It removes vayu disturbances in the neck region and gives the neck extraordinary strength to carry excess weight. It is extremely helpful for the awakening of kundalini. Pregnant women should not do this posture.y helpful for the awakening of kundalini. Pregnant women should not do this posture.





28 Dvipada Sirsasana (Figure 4.73)
This has 14 vinyasas. It is the same as for pascimottanasana up to the 6th vinyasa. While practising the 7th vinyasa, place both legs on top of the shoulders, and do uthpluthi as in the 7th vinyasa for bhujapidasana. Then lean the rear of the body forward and sit down.
After this, do recaka and slowly and carefully place the left foot on top of the right foot on top of the back of the neck. That is, the right heel should be by the left ear and the left heel should be by the right ear. While remaining in this state, do puraka kumbhaka and raise the head. Bring the hands next to the muladhara cakra and join them together in prayer. From the 8th vinyasa until the 14th vinyasa practise just as for bhujapidasana.

Benefit: It will remove diseases of the spleen, of the liver, and of the stomach. It will clean the muladhara cakra. It will greatly help with uddiyana bandha. Practise it after first studying the picture very carefully. Women who are pregnant should not do this posture. Those who are prone to miscarriage must practise this asana regularly for some time and then discontinue it before they conceive. If they stop practising this asana during pregnancy, it will enable a strong healthy birth and will help the uterus wall expand and be healthy. People who do not wish for progeny must always practise this asana. If they do, then they will not have any children. 




29 Yoga Nidrasana (Figure 4.74)
This has 12 vinyasas. The 7th vinyasa is yoga nidrasana sthiti. The first 6 vinyasas for kurmasana are the first 6 vinyasas for this. In the 7th vinyasa, sit like you did in dvipada sirsasana and instead of keeping the two legs on the back of the neck, first lie back facing upwards. Then lift the legs up and place them on the back of the neck.
In dvipada sirsasana, we joined the hands together in prayer and placed them next to the muladhara cakra. In this asana, following the krama, take the shoul- ders (that is, the arms) on both the left and right sides over the top of the two thighs, and hold the right wrist tightly with the fingers of the left hand beneath the spine. Study the picture.
In the 7th vinyasa, after doing only recaka, arrive at the asana sthiti. Then, one should do puraka kumbhaka and lie down. The 8th vinyasa is caturanga dandasana. The last four vinyasas for this asana are exactly the last four vinyasas for pascimottanasana.

Benefit: Tuberculosis, bloating of the stomach, dropsy and edema (swelling of tissue due to accumulation of water) — such serious diseases will be cured. It will cause the vayu to be held at the svadhishthana cakra and the brahmara guha cakra and as a result will cause long life. It will help to rapidly bring the apana vayu under one’s control. It is not for women who are pregnant. 




30 Buddhasana (Figure 4.75, 4.76)
This has 20 vinyasas. The 8th and the 14th vinyasas are the right and left side asana sthitis.
The first picture demonstrates the right-side buddhasana and the second pic- ture demonstrates the left-side buddhasana.
The 7th vinyasa of the right-side buddhasana is the 13th vinyasa of the left-side buddhasana. These are like the 7th and the 12th vinyasas of ekapada sirsasana.
While doing the 8th vinyasa, it is just like the 7th vinyasa for ekapada sir- sasana. Study the picture carefully.
The 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th vinyasas for this are just like the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th vinyasas for ekapada sirsasana. The 14th vinyasa is the left-side buddhasana sthiti. In this sthiti, take the left leg over the top part of the left shoulder and place it on top of the back of the neck. Then hold the wrist of the right hand with the left hand. A different form of buddhasana sthiti is depicted in the second picture and here the hands are clasped together behind the back. The practitioners need not be surprised by this. Some think that since Buddha advocated siddhasana as superior to any other asana, hence siddhasana and buddhasana are to be practised in a similar manner. This is contrary to all the yoga texts and their descriptions of the connections among the nadi granthis in the body. Hence, the practitioner must understand that the siddhasana krama and buddhasana krama are different and must be practised accordingly.

Benefit: It will cure hunchback and will create proper blood circulation in all the nadis. It will clean the svadhishthana, anahata, visuddhi and brahmara guha cakras and gives complete assistance for kevala kumbhaka.
This asana is very beneficial for curing long-term persistent fever. Pregnant women should not do this. 





31 Kapilasana (Figure 4.77)
This has 24 vinyasas. Kapila Maharishi discovered this and because he helped spread its practice, it came to be called kapilasana.
The right-side kapilasana is the 9th vinyasa and the left-side kapilasana is the 17th vinyasa.
Up to the 8th vinyasa follow the buddhasana krama. Then, as though you are doing pascimottanasana, place the chin on top of the bones of the front of the knee of the extended leg. Do recaka in this sthiti.
The 10th to the 14th vinyasas are just like the 10th to the 14th vinyasas of pascimottanasana. But until you complete the 10th and 11th vinyasas, the right leg must remain on top of the back of the neck. In the 10th vinyasa, the hands must be clasped together behind the back.
The 15th and 16th vinyasas are like the 13th and 14th vinyasas for the left- side buddhasana. The 17th vinyasa is the left-side kapilasana sthiti. The 18th to the 22nd vinyasas are like the 10th to the 14th vinyasas of right-side kapilasana. The 23rd and 24th vinyasas are to be done like the 15th and 16th vinyasas of pascimottanasana.

Benefit: It will maintain the muladhara, svadhishthana, manipuraka, ana- hata, and visuddhi cakras in the proper sthiti. It is extremely helpful in guiding one along the path of dharana and dhyana




32 Bhairavasana (Figure 4.78)
This has 20 vinyasas. The 8th and the 14th vinyasas are the right and left side asana sthitis.
From the 1st until the 7th vinyasa, follow the method for ekapada sirsasana. In the 8th vinyasa, instead of keeping the hands at the muladhara cakra (as in ekapada sirsasana), hug both arms together tightly as seen in the picture and lie down looking upwards. While remaining here, do puraka kumbhaka, raise the neck upwards and gaze at the midbrow. The 15th to the 20th vinyasas are like those for kapilasana. This asana must be practised on both sides.
Since Kalabhairava was responsible for the spread of the practice of this asana, it came to be called bhairavasana.

Benefit: Keeps vayu sancharam in equal and proper balance in the ida, pin- gala and susumna nadis and prevents any vata disease from approaching. Preg- nant women should not do this. But those women who do not wish for any children, if they practise this asana regularly following the rules for a period of time, they will definitely never conceive. Of this there is absolutely no doubt. Practising this asana will close the uterine passage and stop the fertilization from taking place. 





33 Cakorasana (Figure 4.79)
This has 20 vinyasas. This is from the Kapila Matham.
After observing that this follows the form of flight of the cakora bird, this came to be called cakorasana. In the Dhyana Bindu Upanishad, Parameshwara advises Parvati that “There are as many asanas as there are living beings in the world”. We readers must always remember this.
The 8th and 14th vinyasas are this asana’s sthitis. The 7th and the 13th vinyasas are like the 7th and the 13th vinyasas of ekapada sirsasana. In the 8th and the 14th vinyasas, press the palms of the hand firmly into the ground, do puraka kumbhaka, raise the body 6 angulas off the ground and hold it there. Carefully study the picture where this is demonstrated. Keep the gaze fixed on the midbrow. The other vinyasas are like those of bhairavasana.

Benefit: Diseases causing tremors (trembling) in the joints of the arm and in the wrists will be cured. Pregnant women should not do this. 






34 Skandasana (Figure 4.80, 4.81)
This has 20 vinyasas. The 8th and the 14th vinaysas show the asana sthiti. The other vinaysas are exactly as for cakorasana. In pascimottanasana, we hold the big toes with the fingers of the hands as we place the face down on the knees. In this asana, instead of doing that, extend the arms out further forward, clasp the hands together in the manner of prayer, slowly bend the body forward and place the face down in front of the kneecap. You must do recaka in this sthiti. The gaze must be fixed on the midbrow.
There are two forms to be followed in the different vinyasa kramas for the left and right-side when doing skandasana. The first picture depicts the right-side skandasana sthiti and the 2nd picture depicts the left-side skandasana sthiti. Ac- cording to the sastras, Parvati’s son Skandan learned this asana from Paramesh- wara. Since Skandan spread the practice of this asana, it is called skandasana.

Benefit: Gives the skill of pratyahara through the knowledge of the light of the self shining in the crevasses of the heart. 





35 Durvasasana (Figure 4.82)
This has 20 vinyasas. The 8th vinyasa is right-side durvasasana and the 14th vinyasa is left-side durvasasana. In the 7th and the 13th vinyasas stay in ekapada sirsasana sthiti. From there, in the 8th and the 14th vinyasas, get up and stand. Study the picture carefully. While remaining in this asana sthiti, the leg that is being supported on the ground must not be even slightly bent and must be held straight. Keep the gaze fixed at the middle of the nose. You must do sampurna puraka kumbhaka. The head must be properly raised throughout.
All the other vinyasas are like skandasana.

Benefit: Elephantiasis, vayu in the scrotum, trembling and tremors of the head — these serious diseases will be destroyed. It is a tremendous support on the path towards samadhi. Pregnant women should not do this.






36 Richikasana (Figure 4.83, 4.84)
This has 24 vinyasas. The 9th and the 17th vinyasas are the richikasana sthiti. The 7th and 15th vinyasas are like ekapada sirsasana. The rest of the vinyasas are like cakorasana.
The first picture shows the right-side richikasana and the second picture show the left-side richikasana.
In the beginning of the 7th vinyasa, remain in ekapada sirsasana. In the 8th vinyasa, practise following the rules for the first vinyasa of uttanasana. The 9th vinyasa is like the 2nd vinyasa for uttanasana. The 9th vinyasa has been demonstrated in the picture. While remaining in this sthiti, the legs and arms that are supported on the ground should not be even slightly bent. Only recaka must be done.
The 10th vinyasa is like the 8th. The 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th vinyasas are like the other vinyasas for kapilasana except for the kapilasana sthiti. The left- side richikasana, in the 15th, 16th and 17th vinyasa is done following the rules for the right-side richikasana in the 7th, 8th and 9th vinyasas. As mentioned earlier, recaka must be done in the asana sthiti.

Benefit: It corrects the recaka that is essential for the practice of pranayama






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Leg behind head postures in Krishnamacharya's Yoga Makaranda (Mysore 1934)

BKS Iyengar 1938

Around the time he was a student for Krishnamacharya



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